Some languages have only a few demonstrative particles, which they employ in a variety of syntactic contexts for a wide range of semantic and. Presenting a wealth of evidence from african languages, the authors argue that the development of grammatical categories is in fact strongly influenced by pragmatic and cognitive forces, factors that are located outside the confines of language structure. In the extreme case of language contact represented by creole languages, some have questioned whether grammaticalization takes place at all in such cases. The phenomenon had been noted in african languages by lord 91, 92. Grammaticalization, language contact and creole formation as conceded by hopper and traugott 1993. The grammaticalization of kotok into a negative marker. Grammaticalization and semantic reanalysis regine eckardt. Within the trajectoire project, motion sentences were elicited using. The grammaticalization channels of evidentials and modal. The detailed information of the distribution of african languages by country can be found in ethnologue. Reanalysis linguistics or folk etymology, change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one rebracketing, a process where a word originally derived from one source is broken down into a different set of factors. The analyses include data from english, several romance languages. Some languages have only a few demonstrative particles, which they employ in a variety of syntactic contexts for a wide range of semantic and pragmatic functions. Desemanticization by this process, a lexical item receives a second, nonlexical function, which may ultimately become its only function.
Section 4 offers a detailed account of the semantic reanalysis of german fast 1 solid, tight to fast 2. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. Paul hopper and elizabeth traugott synthesize research from several areas of linguistics in this revised introduction to the subject. The type noun is demoted from head status, and the string sortkind of forms together with the primary determiner a complex determiner, as in 2, in which this reanalysis is overtly reflected by the lack of concord between these and kind. An analysis of the wider tam domain in a tanzanian bantu. Ebook describing morphosyntax as pdf download portable. Variation in the grammaticaliz ation of complementizers.
Sep 01, 2011 read categorial reanalysis and the origin of the sovx word order in mande, journal of african languages and linguistics on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin and sranan volume 2 issue 3 gillian sankoff. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. The grammaticalization of kotok into a negative marker in. Abstractit is common both crosslinguistically and specifically in bantu languages for the prohibitive to be formed by a construction consisting of a cessative verb in collocation with a nonfinite verb. Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken. It is divided into five parts, of which the first two are devoted to theory and method, the third and fourth to work in linguistic domains, classes, and cateogories, and the fifth to case studies of grammaticalization in a range of languages. Chronology and paths of change lieselotte brems and kristin davidse university of leuven abstract denison 2002 distinguishes three main np constructions with type nouns such as sortkindtype, viz. From bodily posture to progressive aspect marker in.
The prototypical instance of language change called grammaticalization is a change where a word with independent content, preferably of one of the main lexical. The article starts by describing grammaticalizationa kind of language change on basis of examples. Minimalist parameters consist of choices of feature specifications as the child acquires a lexicon, as in borer 1984, dubbed the borer chomsky conjecture by baker 2008. African american vernacular english aave is developing a class of previously undescribed function words, facilitated by the semantic generalization of the word nigga. We translate and localize tofrom over 215 languages, and we interpret intofrom over 150 languages, including all the major european, asian, american, african, indian and middle eastern languages. But there is no uptodate, reasonably comprehensive, basic introduction to african languages in english.
The function of yalis sitting as an auxiliary verb like appears to be the result of a grammaticalization process, as certain principles of grammaticalization such as desemanticization, extension, and decategorialization were found to apply to it. Pdf grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. If we are to talk about the boundary between linguisticity and nonlinguisticity then we must include some remarks about grammaticalization because the study of it can provide a more finegrained boundary. In both developments, abstract grammatical meanings are. An extra thank you, hazel gray, for sharing kisi data as well as thoughts and data on manda.
Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken in africa, givon suggested that the syntax of a language determines the morphosyntactics of the a xal morphology that eventually evolves givon w97 w. Variation in the grammaticaliz ation of complementizers from verba dicendi in sinitic languages. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984, with. This book is a guide for linguistic fieldworkers who wish to write a description of the morphology and syntax of one of the worlds many underdocumented languages. The study of grammaticalization raises a number of fundamental theoretical issues pertaining to the relation of langue and parole, creativity and automatic coding, synchrony and diachrony, categoriality and continua, typological characteristics and languagespecific forms, etc. The postdeterminer construction is the result of reanalysis of the binominal construction denison 2002. Using data from a wide variety of languages, grammaticalization is shown to have. We argue that gbe languages influenced the grammar of creole complements. The papers gathered here offer both theoretical proposals of more general scope and indepth studies of languagespecific cases of meaning change in particular notional domains. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. This brief description of the grammaticalization of the swahili completive aspect marker sha. Grammaticalization cambridge textbooks in linguistics. These three approaches can be accounted for in a similar way and i offer an account of gradual change using a.
C hristopher h all is a linguist and a consultant with culturepoint, llc. View grammaticalization research papers on academia. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. In the 1980s and 1990s, grammaticalization research brought forth a number of intriguing proposals concerning the directionality of extension and change between case functions, i. This variation can be addressed in relation to language external social variables sociolinguistics and language internal forces of change lexicalization and grammaticalization. Link to a paper by anthony aristar and helen dry on the role of deixis in grammaticalization. On the relationship between grammaticalization and reanalysis. Thus, the notion of grammaticalization presented above completely ignores issues arising through language contact.
Reanalysis definition and meaning collins english dictionary. It also reveals why the resulting new units in language morphemes, constructions, words are often abstract and in. Bernd heine, professor of african languages at the university of. The grammaticalization of kotok into a negative marker in manda. The phenomenon of socalled serial verbs was first described for african languages. Describing morphosyntax top results of your surfing describing morphosyntax start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. The agencys concern about suicide risk resulted from a reanalysis of antidepressant clinical. Doctoral dissertation in african languages at the university of gothenburg, september 30, 2017. Language scientific is a fullservice corporate language services provider.
The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin. Grammatical reanalysis and the multiple nwords in african. The notion of substrate language had not been hitherto unknown, but it was. Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization 1 others, on the other hand, attribute as little as possible to the role of parameters and to universal grammar in general. With over 215 languages, language scientific supports almost any language. In sranan the word taki, derived from english talk, is used as a complementizer. We reject the view that internal grammaticalization led to. A long article about grammaticalization of adpositions in spanish and portuguese based creoles. May 01, 20 facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles migge, bettina. Consider the following example, from an older period of chinese. Pdf questions about diachronic change as it relates to tense and aspect ta range. Desemantization of functional grammatical causatives. They saw grammaticalization as an important tool for describing the workings of languages and their universal aspects and it provided an. One areal feature of east and southeast asian languages is the grammaticalization of an augmentativediminutive pair from the nominals mother and child, respectively matisoff 1992.
Verbs occurring with no tense markers are thus not marked with zero, but constitute the historical residue of an earlier stage of the languages in which tense marking of the superstrate languages had not been transmitted and the creole markers had not yet evolved. Translation and localization of african languages language. All languages have demonstratives, but their form, meaning and use vary tremendously across the languages of the world. In manda, a negative imperative is expressed by the auxiliary kotok, with the lexical meaning leave.
Click download or read online button to get describing morphosyntax book now. Reanalysis definition of reanalysis by the free dictionary. This work focussed on african languages synchronically from the point of view of grammaticalization. Read categorial reanalysis and the origin of the sovx word order in mande, journal of african languages and linguistics on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Variation in the grammaticaliz ation of complementizers from. Facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles migge, bettina. Grammar and grammaticalization in manda an analysis of the.
Grammaticalization, the process of converting regular lexical items and structures into conventionally interpreted grammatical morphemes, has tradition. The oxford handbook of grammaticalization heiko narrog. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. It is divided into five parts, of which the first two are devoted to theory and method, the third and fourth to work in linguistic domains, classes, and cateogories, and the fifth to case studies of. This paper is concerned with changes on the level of morphology in grammaticalization and degrammaticalization. Grammaticalization refers to the change whereby lexical terms and constructions serve grammatical functions in certain linguistic contexts and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions. Arabic, somali, berber, amharic, oromo, swahili, hausa, igbo and yoruba. Two steps in the evolution of language elly van gelderen 6 september 2006 grammaticalization is an easily observable process in the history of languages and has therefore frequently been seen as involved in the evolution of language from. This article presents the first study of crosslinguistic variation in grammaticalization processes affecting verba dicendi in sinitic languages, making use of discourse data in the comparison. They argue that there are multiple nwords, fulfilling different grammatical and social functions. In nyakyusa and kinga, where kotok still reflects the original semantics, it remains a solely lexical word.
Reanalysis linguistics or folk etymology, change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one rebracketing, a process where a word originally derived from one. Apr 29, 2016 the paper analyses a hitherto ignored case of contactinduced grammaticalization, which consists in the creation of new verb particles expressing the path of motion in a regional variant of romanian, under the influence of neighbour language hungarian. The signalling of social distance in african languages. It offers readers who work through it one possible outline for a. Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken in africa, givon suggested that the syntax of a language determines the. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin and. Chapter 3 is devoted to specific problems of african rnann, ulrike mosel, and fritz. My sincerest appreciation for taking your time to answer sometimes long and complicated questions about your languages of expertise, robert botne, nobuko yoneda, gastor mapunda, heidrun kroger, bastian persohn and amani lusekelo. Grammaticalization and the areal factor the perspective of. One example of such a bantu language is manda, spoken on the eastern shores. It is shown that grammaticalization and first language acquisition frequently involve the same semantic changes. This is also the case in manda, an understudied southern tanzanian bantu language.
Another important work was heine and rehs grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984. Describing morphosyntax download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. This article presents the first study of crosslinguistic variation in grammaticalization processes affecting. Facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles. In his grammar of ewe published in german in 1907, for. Variation, lexicalization and grammaticalization in signed. Using data from a wide variety of languages, grammaticalization is shown to. Describing morphosyntax download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl. The authors demonstrate that nigga is unspecified for race, gender, or humanness.
Grammaticalization and the areal factor the perspective. African languages belong to the afroasiatic, nilosaharan, nigercongo, khoe, austronesian and indoeuropean language families. This blueprint was inherited from the substrate languages and applied to the word forms of the lexifier language. Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization elly van. Originally trained at the university of rochester, focusing on romance languages, he now has a primary research focus on sociophonetics, morphosyntax, and identity construction in african american language.
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